Ceratocone - Diagnóstico e Tratamento: um Artigo de Revisão

Abstract

Introduction: Keratoconus is a binocular asymmetrical condition characterized by progressive thinning and steepening of the cornea, resulting in irregular astigmatism and reduced visual acuity. It generally manifests between the second and third decades of life. Advances in imaging technologies, such as corneal topography and tomography, have facilitated early diagnosis and characterization of the disease. Treatments range from glasses and contact lenses to surgery, with corneal crosslinking (CXL) being an option to strengthen the cornea and halt progression.Objective: To review the diagnostic methods and therapeutic options for keratoconus, with an emphasis on technological advances and best clinical practices.Methodology: This is an integrative review of the literature found in Medline via PubMed and Scielo databases. The descriptors "keratoconus," "corneal crosslinking," and "corneal tomography" were used as search strategies. Inclusion criteria covered publications from 2017 to 2023, including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and cross-sectional studies.Results and Discussion: Keratoconus is the leading cause of corneal transplantation in developing countries. Diagnosis can be achieved through various methods, including retinoscopy and external signs, such as Munson's sign and Rizzuti's sign, in addition to advanced technologies like corneal topography and tomography. Patients with developmental delays often experience later diagnosis and treatment, increasing the risk of complications. CXL is a minimally invasive option to strengthen the cornea and halt keratoconus progression, though it may have side effects.Conclusion: Keratoconus requires early diagnosis to prevent progression. Advances in diagnostic technologies have been crucial for detecting the disease before it significantly affects vision and quality of life. The standard treatment, CXL, offers a less invasive alternative to corneal transplantation, while emerging therapeutic options, such as copper sulfate eye drops, are being explored. Modern diagnostics and a personalized therapeutic approach are essential for effective management of this condition.